Discussion and Conclusion
- Research Writing
- Discussion and Conclusion
- How a discussion and conclusions chapter should be set in the dissertation / or thesis?
- What are different Section Headings to write a conclusion and the discussion chapter
- What is a synopsis? and How to write a synopsis?
- How to choose your Examiners or supervisors for your PhD Research
- What is an Abstract?
- How to write the Method section of your manuscript for the Journal?
- How to write a well-thought conclusion section of your manuscript for the journal?
- Top tips to be considered to accelerate your manuscript publication process
- How Editing should be carried out?
- A final check to catch remaining errors is done in proofreading service. You should identify indisputable errors using standard proofreaders marks
- Research / Data collection / Fieldwork
- What are the different marketing scales commonly used?
What is an Abstract?
An abstract is the summary text written after the study has been completed and usually written after you complete the whole paper. Further abstract provides an overview of the full text published in a journal. (Chan & Foo, 2001). Further during the selection process, the technical committee largely depends on the abstract to the quality of the paper. Since abstract previews the journal paper, it has to be written with full considerations in mind. There are two types of abstract in general i.e., the structured abstract and the conventional abstract. Later focus on paragraph and while former put information into different paragraphs (the aim of the study, methods and results) (Hartley, 1998). Below table shows different combinations of abstract. The implications of the findings are also optional in the abstract.
The Five Elements of an effective and good abstract writing
Table 1. Combination of Elements of an Abstract
| Combination 1 | Combination 2 | Combination 3 | Language features |
| Background | Present tense | ||
| Purpose | Purpose + Method | Purpose | Past/ Present perfect tense |
| Method | Method | Past tense | |
| Results | Results | Results | Past tense |
| Conclusion | Conclusion | Conclusion | Present tense/ Modal verbs |
(From Weissberg & Buker, 1990)
Structure And Language Of Essential Sections Of Journal Papers
How to write a good introduction section of my manuscript for the Journal?
Unlike theses in the arts, journal papers usually do not require separate sections for Introduction and Literature Review. The introduction functions as a purposeful literature review to show readers the current state of knowledge on the research problem: what has been researched, what remains unclear or unresolved and need further investigation. The introduction leads to the purpose of the study and outlines the major contributions of the study (see Table 3). Alternatively, some writers begin with a practical problem and present their study as a solution to the problem. Papers written from such a localised angle need to be contextualised within a relevant theoretical framework for the paper to be of interest to the wider readership.
Table 2. Structure of an Introduction Section
| M1 | Establishing Research Territory (Citations obligatory) | |
| M1s1
M1s2
M1s3 |
|
The growing interest…
Of particular interest… … has become a much-researched topic … Knowledge of …has a great importance for… …used/studied extensively… |
| M2 | Establishing a niche (Citations optional) | |
| M2s1A
|
Indicating a gap | Despite numerous studies on…
However, little info/few studies… None of these studies… … neglected to consider… … remains unclear whether… |
| M2s1B | Adding to what is known | The literature shows that … it is useful… |
| M2s2 | Presenting positive justification (optional) | One reason to take on such an approach is that it can provide evidence on [some phenomenon]… |
| M3 | Presenting Present Research (Citations optional) | |
| M3s1
|
Announcing present research purposively/descriptively
|
The aim of the present paper is to give…
This paper reports on the results obtained… The aim of the present paper… The main purpose of the experiment… This study determines/ assesses/ evaluates/ compares/ investigates/ establishes … This paper reports/ presents/ describes … |
| M3s2
|
Presenting research questions/hypotheses (optional) | Specifically we test two hypotheses: |
| M3s3
|
Definitional clarification
|
A description of the subject or issue is given as background knowledge and just purely described. |
| M3s4
|
Summarising methods
|
The experiments involve a set of instruments…
Data from four different journals were… |
| M3s5 | Announcing principle outcomes | This paper presents the results of … |
| M3s6
|
Stating the value of present paper
|
This study brings some new understanding …
Some implications regarding… In future, this data may… |
| M3s7 | Outlining the structure of a paper | The plan of the paper is as follows. Section I describes…
We begin this paper with a brief intro… we then describe the…The techniques are then described… This paper is organised in the following manner… first… then… afterwards |
(Structure from revised Creating A Research Space (CARS) Model in Swales, 2004)